" ITREALMS

Tuesday, September 24, 2013

African brands adapting to global standard

Commentary@ITRealms:

One of the most cherished parts of a career with an international news channel is the time spent travelling. While visits to different countries are often frustratingly short, after a while you get an acute sense of how a place is developing. 
As the years go by and one revisits such destinations again, certain changes catch your eye, and you find yourself mentally tallying the signs that a country has advanced.  Advancements such as a sleek new airport terminal or a pedestrian walkway where the unmade road use to be, the steady electricity power during a stay at a hotel and the new store at a junction where once a fruit stall stood.  Also noted are the numbers of tablets being used in meetings and the appearance of the latest smartphones in people’s hands.

But keeping tabs on these signs doesn’t always need a multiple visa entry stamp in your passport. When it comes to Africa, one of the most striking changes observed after a decade of working in the continent is in its advertising. Some of the smartest brands and the most eye-catching commercials on air are African, and they are vigorously making names for themselves beyond Africa.

The context to this change is important.  In a world still full of uncertainty following the global financial crunch, Africa stands out as a symbol of relatively unencumbered economic progress. While much of Europe struggles under the weight of austerity measures, America eyes a slow recovery with caution, and Asia sees its meteoric growth cool, the African continent’s prospects continue to look bright.

African countries are among the fastest growing economies in the world, matching their counterparts in Asia.  Of course, everybody talks about the continent having one of the world’s fastest-growing consumer classes as well as the increasing foreign investment from Europe and Asia.  But recently, it is the reports that intra-African investment is rising by more than 30% per year that have added to this picture of growth.

Another noticeable fact about Africa is their greater focus on quality – an appetite for superior products and services and from businesses looking to provide them.  At an industrial level, examples of this search for quality are also emerging on the continent, with prominent companies that have built their success on identifying Africa’s growing need for quality materials, and delivering them, coming to the fore.

The next big question must surely be when an African brand will go head to head with the major players in the rest of the world.  African brands are conspicuous by their minimal presence in Millward Brown’s BrandZ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brands; but the signs are that, the African business landscape is ripe for this to change.  The African financial and communications sectors, for example, are establishing themselves as formidable players.

For instance, brands such as MTN who was named as the most valued brand in Africa, in the Brand Africa 100 awards not too long ago, is already knocking on the door of the global arena, while Globacom’s current ad campaign focuses on the kind of mobile services that typify the ways in which Africa is ahead, of many other markets in communications technology.  Whereas, the likes of Zenith Bank, a long-term sponsor of one of CNN’s flagship African programmes is part of a financial sector that, given the travails of so many American and European players is meeting up to its international rivals.

Indeed, looking to Europe there are other prime examples of the ways in which a new kind of relationship is emerging between Africa and other continents.  Portugal’s parlous financial state saw Angola step in as a potential saviour last year; a surprise to Europeans perhaps, but with Portugal’s economy contracting at -3.2%, while its former colony grows at 6.8%, it should not have come as a shock.  Meanwhile the on-going aftermath of Greek austerity has seen a new wave of migrant workers seeking jobs in South Africa.

Africa is, of course, not without its problems and challenges, but its place in the global economy has been changing for a long time and there is a sense that we are reaching a tipping point.  With the rest of the world still going through uncertainty, now, more than ever, is the time for the continent’s major players to rise to the top.  If African brands’ products, ingenuity and advertising are anything to go by, we may not have to wait too much longer.

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*Contributed by Celine DeCarlo, CNN International, her pix insert.

Saturday, September 21, 2013

2015: Implement broadband plan, add N190bn to GDP

ITRealms:

Airtel Nigeria has called on the federal government to speed-up the implementation of the recently approved National Broadband Plan.

Making this call at the 2013 Nigerian Telecoms Development Lecture (NITDEL), weekend, the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Airtel Nigeria, Mr. Segun Ogunsanya told ITRealms in Lagos, that the quick execution of the strategy could translate into about N190bn contribution to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) within the next two years.

Ogunsanya said Airtel is committed to partnering with the Federal Government to deliver excellent broadband services so as to develop the Nigerian economy.

He said the approval of the Broadband Plan was a right step in the right direction and assured the telco’s deep commitment to partnering with the government to implement the plan and facilitate broadband realization for Nigeria, in line with the Transformation Agenda of Government.

Beyond policy direction, the Chief Executive, called on the government to focus on driving broadband adoption and utilization, noting that government’s patronage of readily available local applications and solutions will be a great boost just as partnerships with telecoms operators, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) players and development partners will also help drive utilization.

“As it concerns broadband adoption and utilization, there should be Government’s affirmative action targeting the delivery of social and public services over Broadband. The zeal applied by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) and Federal Government in E-Payment and Cashless Policy initiatives should also be replicated in driving adoption and utilization by the populace,” he said.
 
He also noted that the implementation requires long-term commitment and significant action by Federal, States and Local Governments, as well as the Executive and Legislative arms of government – alongside strong private sector participation.

Specifically, Mr. Ogunsanya who spoke on the theme, “The Nigerian Telecoms Market: Championing the African Cause through Broadband,” said Airtel is providing the government with support on different fronts including further expansion of its 3.75G Network footprints to cover even more cities and upgrade of its network to 4G on Long Term Evolution (LTE) as soon as spectrum becomes available. 

He added that Airtel is in partnership with Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) in a bid to make smart phones more affordable for consumers.

The Chief Executive disclosed that Airtel has partnered with five State Governments to implement a number of e-Social Services initiatives vis-à-vis E-Education, E-Government and E-Health. According to him “Airtel is willing to partner with all 36 States Governments and the Federal Government to deliver Broadband solutions that meet their requirements, since we have the largest and widest 3.75G coverage across Nigeria.”

The event, which held yesterday at the Agip Recital Hall of the MUSON Centre attracted several bigwigs including the Governor of Osun State, Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola; Director of Corporate Communications, Airtel Nigeria, Emeka Oparah and Director of Legal & Company Secretary, Airtel Nigeria, Ibirobo Adekola.

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Pix: Director, PAD, NCC, Ojobo, Gov. Aregbosola and Airtel CEO, Ogunsanya

Wednesday, September 18, 2013

ICANN updates call for volunteers on Competition, Consumer Trust and Consumer Choice

ITRealms:

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has updated its call for volunteers to evaluate metrics related to competition, consumer trust (CCT) and consumer choice with a new deadline set for October 15, 2013.

In the updated call, ICANN revised its previous call for volunteers, clarifying that:

1) The actual Affirmation of Commitments (AoC) review of Competition, Consumer Trust and Consumer Choice (CCT) will not occur until the Amok requirement has been met ('If and when new gTLDs … have been in operation for one year, ICANN will organize a review that will examine the extent to which the introduction or expansion of gTLDs has promoted competition, consumer trust and consumer choice, as well as effectiveness..")1; and

2) That the current metrics and data gathering advice for which volunteers have been requested, will be separated from a future call for volunteers to serve on a CCT Review Team, which will give volunteers more certainty regarding the timing of their commitment.

ITRealms gathered that the group of volunteers to be convened this year will serve for a limited duration and scope—focusing exclusively on evaluating the proposed metrics for data gathering to support a future AoC review.

“As this will be a precursor to help inform the future review, the volunteer team for this initial activity will be referred to as the "Implementation Advisory Group for Competition, Consumer Trust and Consumer Choice," ICANN stated in an official news alert.

ITRealms also recalls that the Implementation Advisory Group for CCT is expected to conduct its work December 2013 – July 2014 (estimated time). The Affirmation of Commitments CCT Review Team will be organized.

"If and when new gTLDs … have been in operation for one year," and the dates have not yet been established. Similar to previous AoC reviews, a call for volunteers will be issued for the CCT Review at the appropriate time and individuals who served on the CCT Independent Advisory Group are welcome to apply; they are not obligated to participate.

The CCT Review, as stipulated by the AoC, "will examine the extent to which the introduction or expansion of gTLDs has promoted competition, consumer trust and consumer choice, as well as effectiveness of (a) the application and evaluation process, and (b) safeguards put in place to mitigate issues involved in the introduction or expansion." The work of the Implementation Advisory Group for CCT, and the subsequent data gathered, will help inform the review, along with other relevant research and data gathering that the review team deems useful.

Individuals interested in serving on the Implementation Advisory Group for CCT are encouraged to email iag-cct@icann.org by 15 October 2013. The work of this group is detailed below and involves developing recommendations for the set of metrics to be collected by ICANN in preparation for a future review relating to New gTLDs1.

“Once the proposed metrics are delivered to the Board, the Implementation Advisory Group's work will be concluded. As directed by the Board, ICANN will develop the systems and collect the metrics approved through this process,” says ICANN.

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Tuesday, September 17, 2013

Airtel CEO leads discussants @ Telecom Dev. Lecture’13


The Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Airtel Nigeria, Mr. Segun Ogunsanya, would on this Friday, lead discussants on the future of Nigeria’s telecoms market as keynote speaker at the 7th annual Nigerian Telecom Development Lecture (NTDL).

ITRealms gathered that the event organised by Logica Communications, publishers of the Nigerian Telecom Weekly, that the lecture is an annual platform for thought leadership on the intersection between telecommunications and society.

The lecture, which is scheduled to hold on Friday, September 20th, 2013 at the Tafawa Balewa Square, Onikan, Lagos, will commence at 10.a.m.

The event, the organisers said would be chaired by Chief Peter Igho, Chairman, Nigerian Communications Commission and will also feature a keynote address from Dr. Eugene Juwah, Executive Vice Chairman, Nigeria Communications Commission.

Mr. Ogunsanya would speak on The Nigerian Telecoms Market: Championing the African Course at the lecture, would also feature a paper by Osun State Governor, Ogbeni Rauf Aregbesola, according to Otunba Biodun Ajiboye, the chief host.


Ajiboye disclosed that Ogunsanya would mount a platform that had featured distinguished speakers, including Prof Wole Soyinka; former Executive Vice Chairman, NCC, Dr. Ernest Ndukwe; Bishop Mathew Hassan Kukah; Harvard historian, Prof. Molefi Kete Asante, and former Governors of Lagos State and Cross Rivers State, Bola Tinubu and Donald Duke, respectively.

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Pix: Mr. Segun Ogunsanya, CEO, Airtel Nigeria

Thursday, September 05, 2013

Thuraya checks on social media with SatSleeve

Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) leading operator, Thuraya, has introduced its SatSleeve product; the world’s first and only satellite adaptor for the iPhone, which provides access to users’ favourite applications, electronic mails (emails) and instant messaging.

Shereen Hanafi, Director of Communications, Thuraya, disclosed this to ITRealms, saying that the SatSleeve not only allows users to make phone calls and send Short Messaging Service (SMS) via Thuraya’s satellite network, it also enables them access to emails, as well as popular social media and instant messaging apps such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter and WhatsApp among others.

Thuraya SatSleeve, according to Samer Halawi, Chief Executive Officer of Thuraya, affords users to now post news updates, chat via messaging apps with their contacts as well as send and receive email from the most remote locations in satellite mode. The device can be used across Thuraya’s extensive satellite network with coverage in over 140 countries.

, said: “The new release of the SatSleeve, which now includes data, underscores our commitment towards delivering new and innovative mobile satellite products. Thuraya is powering ahead of the competition with our strong product innovation strategy focused on making satellite communications more accessible and user-friendly. Users today are increasingly relying on their smartphones to stay connected and we strongly believe in listening to them and to their requirements as we develop new mobile satellite products that align with their needs.”

Thuraya SatSleeve enables users to enjoy ubiquitous coverage even in the most remote environments that are not served or that are under-served by terrestrial networks. The device also serves as an important mobile communications device, in addition to being a security backup for users that are operating in remote locations and in areas where natural or man-made disasters can render terrestrial communications unavailable.
 
The SatSleeve customers, he highlighted include corporate users, enterprises from all industries, explorers, mountaineers and other outdoor enthusiasts. Just as SatSleeve could be used across the Thuraya network either with a Thuraya SIM card or with a standard GSM SIM card available from 356 worldwide GSM operators across more than 160 countries, from September 10.
"This makes the Thuraya SatSleeve highly flexible with the ability to be suited to the users’ individual needs," official says.

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*SPix: amer Halawi, Chief Executive Officer of Thuraya
 

Monday, September 02, 2013

American Express, MasterCard, Visa endorse SkySIM



Giesecke & Devrient (G&D) offers a new Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) platform also tagged SkySIM CX SIM-card that allows several different Near field communication (NFC) applications to be executed securely and simultaneously on a single SIM card, just as it gets green light from the American Express, MasterCard, and Visa.

Press Officer of the company y, Mr. Stefan Waldenmaier confirmed this to ITRealms says that the SkySIM CX SIM-card family provides protected areas that can be used for electronic payment and ticketing applications and for customer loyalty programmes.

According to him, network operators will be able to expand their service offerings for banks, public transit authorities, and other service providers.

The first product in the new SkySIM CX family, he said, received EMVCo, American Express, MasterCard, and Visa approval, thus confirming that it meets the requirements for secure payment systems such as American Express ExpressPay, MasterCard PayPass, and Visa payWave. Just as the SkySIM CX family also supports the transit applications MIFARE, CIPURSE, and Calypso.

In addition, he said, the new SIM cards have up to 1.3 megabytes of memory in the highest-capacity version, enabling them to store data for multiple applications.

“They contain a powerful processor capable of loading applications in a minimum of time. The operating system is highly scalable thanks to its modular architecture,” he said.

The new product family gives network operators an opportunity to create new business models. As well as offering their own applications, they will now be able to set up highly secure areas on the SIM card – referred to as “containers” – for third-party applications. Service providers can run their own applications in these containers, in return for a fee payable to the network operator. This will help to bring the widespread introduction of NFC services another step closer.

For end users, the new SIM cards provide more than just a means of using their mobile device as a public transit ticket or loyalty card. If they own two or more accounts, they can even decide on the spur of the moment which one they wish to use for a particular payment transaction. Devices equipped with the new SIM card can also serve as personal ID for access to company premises.
Axel Deininger, Group Senior Vice President at G&D says the outstanding feature of the new SIM card is not only its functionality but also its security.

“The card has been tested and approved by EMVCo as an integral unit, and not a single weak point has been detected. This latest addition to our NFC portfolio enables us to offer network operators a complete secure package comprising hardware, software, and services, in the form of SIM cards, a mobile wallet, and trusted service management services,” he said.




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Thursday, August 29, 2013

Etisalat takes Cliqfest to Anambra, introduces Hajj promo'13


Etisalat Nigeria, the fastest acclaimed fastest Mobile Network Operator (MNO) in the country has taken its CliqFest to the customer with the hosting of a seminar for the South East at the Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State.

This is coming as Etisalat introduced Hajj promo, slashing its roaming tariff for customers attending the 2013 Hajj.

ITRealms gathered that the seminar attended by students, youths and senior management team of the host institution led by the Rector, Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra, Professor Godwin Onu and his deputy, Dr. Don Mmuo.

Also, Etisalat Cliqfest seminar, was plan by the mobile operator to deepen acceptance of this product among the youths and youth at heart, according to correspondent investigations.

Other dignitaries at Etisalat Cliqfest seminar for South East include the Regional Security Manager, South South/South East, Etisalat Nigeria, Isaiah Chukwuemekaobi; Specialist, Retail Marketing, Etisalat Nigeria, Chukwunonso Obi; Youth Segment, Etisalat Nigeria, Idiare Atimomo; and Analyst, Sponsorship, Etisalat Nigeria, Okanu Ibeano.

In a related development, Etisalat has slashed its roaming tariffs for customers attending the 2013, offering a zero charge for receiving calls and Short Messaging Service (SMS).

Director, Business Segments, Etisalat Nigeria, Lucas Dada confirmed this to ITRealms, saying that the amazing promo for its customers travelling for this year’s Hajj in Saudi Arabia, would run from September 1st to November 30th 2013.

“Its new and existing customers travelling to Saudi Arabia to perform the holy pilgrimage will have the opportunity to enjoy highly discounted rates on local calls in Saudi Arabia, calls to Nigeria, SMS and data services,” he said.

He explained that Etisalat Hajj Promo offers customers on the network great discounts on outgoing calls to Nigeria at N30 per minute, local calls within Saudi Arabia at N30 per minute and N20 per SMS, with a data package for as low as 1  kobo per KB for all pay as you go data plans. In addition, he said, all incoming calls and SMS received in the holy land during the promo period will be totally free of charge.

According to him, the promo which is in its fourth  year was designed to help customers stay in touch with their family, friends and business associates in several places across the globe including Saudi Arabia at a very low cost.


“The Hajj Special enables customers to seamlessly and conveniently stay connected to family and friends while performing Hajj by providing heavily discounted rates on calls to Nigeria, local calls in Saudi, SMS and data services,” he said. Under the promo, customers can also conveniently travel with recharge cards as well as receive e-top up from family and friends in Nigeria.

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Pix: L-r: Regional Security Manager, South South/South East, Etisalat Nigeria, Isaiah Chukwuemekaobi; Specialist, Retail Marketing, Etisalat Nigeria, Chukwunonso Obi; Rector, Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra, Professor Godwin Onu; Manager, Youth Segment, Etisalat Nigeria, Idiare Atimomo; Deputy Rector, Federal Polytechnic Oko, Anambra, Dr. Don Mmuo and Analyst, Sponsorship, Etisalat Nigeria, Okanu Ibeano, at the Etisalat Cliqfest Seminar, held at Federal Polytechnic, Oko, Anambra State,

Tuesday, August 27, 2013

Technology; Lack of understanding begets lack of growth

Today’s disruptive technology trends are irreversibly changing how we do business from botha workforce and enterprise perspective. 

Always-on connectivity, widespread use of consumer technology, highly pressured CIOs and ever increasing demands on IT are altering the way employees work and businesses run.

According to Gartner’s Strategic Planning Assumption, 40 per centor more of enterprise work will be "non-routine" by 2015, this is up 25 per cent from 2010.[1]For businesses, a failure to recognise and understand these changes is leading not only to increasing IT security challenges, but also missed opportunities for growth.

The Evolving Workforce and Workplace
As the boundaries continue to blur between work and home life, less than two thirds of employees globally feel that they can get their work completed within a traditional 9-5 schedule[2]. Constant connectivity, multiple stakeholders and global business demands are all leading to an “always-on” mentality. This 24/7 connectivity has thus changed the way business is done, and is redefining the concept of “business as usual.” The modern employee expects to be measured and managed on effective output, not hours served behind a desk[3], which indicates a significant shift towards a flexible working model. Research[4] also shows that there is a positive correlation between a flexible, outputs-based working model and worker morale.

To meet business demands and minimise time wasted with poorly functioning technology, employees not only require, but are demanding devices that can stand up to an anytime, anywhere environment. 

At the same time, the rise of consumer technology and the proliferation of “smart” mobile consumer devices have turned employees into technology savvy end users with high expectations of the technology and devices they use in the workplace. If businesses are not able to provide suitable devices and the right applications from which employees can work, the overwhelming majority are likely to fall back on their personal devices and unsecure technology simply to get the job done.

For CIOs, this means providing employees with the right tools to do the job is no longer a “nice to have,” but a necessary part of a productive workforce and essential for the future health and growth of their businesses. Technology needs to enable employees to work efficiently according to their individual demands. If the right technology is not provided, research[5] has shown that employees will take matters into their own hands.

Understanding the Risk
With recent economic conditions and the constantly mounting pressure on CIOs, somebusinessesare takinga ‘wait and see’ approach to managing evolving workforce and technology demands. Whileattempting to focus on short term issues, the risk of ignoring long term trends could be dire for businesses.

By not managing the use of consumer devices, new platforms and services in the workplace, businesses are risking data loss and opening themselves up to significant security threats. In fact, 50 per cent of businesses with a BYOD policy admitted suffering data loss.[6]

Equally as bad is an overzealous, inflexible IT policy that, not only hinders productivity, but also encourages employees to seek unsecure alternatives simply to get around the difficulties posed by the structure. In a recent study by Fortinet[7], 1/3 of workers admitted to either breaking or being willing to break corporate policy to use personal devices, proving that policy, on its own, is an ineffective form of protection.

There is also a significant human capital risk to businesses which underestimate the importance of device desirability and that do not offer employees attractive and efficient technology choices. As well as inhibiting productivity, research shows that poor workplace technology and poor IT service quality can significantly damage employee motivation and morale. There is also evidence that prospective employees will view device options when evaluating potential employers to filter out backward “dinosaur” businesses[8].

The message to businesses is clear: understanding technology demands of the workforce is vital for the long-term growth of businesses. It can both directly and indirectly impact an organisation’s bottom line. Instead of ignoring these trends and developments, businesses have the opportunity to embrace them and capitalise on the benefits they afford.

Orchestrating the Right Solution
But how? Ultimately, it is not a ‘one size fits all’ solution. IT policies and employee choice in technology needs to be orchestrated within clear parameters specified by an organisation to achieve growth and efficiencies as well as protect assets.

For example, organisations might consider a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) policy if they are able to invest in security solutions as well as mobile device management solutions. Another option could be to invest in a variety of device platforms, such as tablets and ultrabooks, that are highly securable and manageable which can then be provisioned to employees based on preference and job role.

By giving employees the right tools, companies encourage increased productivity resulting in greater profitability, higher staff retention and improved recruitment. The new generation of enterprise grade devices combines the desirability of consumer devices with the security and manageability of enterprise hardware and, by doing so, meets both the demands of the employee and the CIO.
The critical message to businesses is to get their heads out of the sand. The impact of today’s technology trends is being felt today and, if ignored, the ramifications in the future could be disastrous.

*opinion submitted by Omolaraeni Olaosebikan, a staff of The Quadrant Company
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Saturday, August 24, 2013

Internet Banking: Zenith cautions on software token

The Zenith Bank plc has sounded yet another warning to its teeming customers on the Internet banking, especially on the use of its software token.

This is coming as ITRealms reports that Zenith Bank announced the reduction of transfer limit from N50,000 to N20,000.

In addition, Zenith Bank says that from January 1st 2014, the use of the software token will be discontinued for all internet banking transactions.

In a mail sent to Zenith Bank customers and made available to ITRealms, read thus:

“Dear Valued Customer,

“Please be informed that the daily transfer limit for the software token on internet banking has been reduced from N50,000 to N20,000. Consequently, only hardware tokens will now be used to authenticate transfers above N20,000 on internet banking.

“In addition, from January 1st 2014, use of the software token will be discontinued for all internet banking transactions.

“Kindly request a hardware token if you do not have one already. It is more efficient and secure, and enables you make transfers up to two million Naira, daily. There is no limit to the number of transfers you can make, so long as the maximum daily limit is not exceeded.”


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Thursday, August 22, 2013

ICANN study group meets in Italy on new gTLD


The study group ‘Studienkreis’ of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Number (ICANN) has scheduled its 13th meeting for September 12 through 13, 2013 in Pisa, Italy in the context of the global Internet policy.
Founder and chairman of the ICANN Studienkreis, Wolfgang Kleinwächter, confirmed to ITRealms that this year´s meeting would have a different format, stressing that the study group would move from a more “knowledge transfer conference” towards a “brainstorming meeting.”

“We will have no traditional panels anymore but ‘round table discussions’ on issues where we list a number of ‘resource persons’ but everybody is invited to join the discussion,” Kleinwachter said.

He also said that as always, the meeting starts on Thursday with a welcome coffee followed by a session which gives us an overview about the Internet situation - policy, legislation markets, community, ccTLD management - in the host country.
This, he said, would be followed by the opening session address by ICANN chief executive officer (CEO), Fadi Chehadé, as a key note speaker.
The final session on Thursday, the chairman said, would be on diplomacy and policy with lessons learned from the recent Internet Governance related conferences within the United Nations (UN), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and other international organizations.
The cultural dinner is this year hosted by the ccTLD Registry for .it.
While on Friday, the study group will spend the whole morning with ICANNs new gTLD programme. After the lunch break we will have David Maher’s “Annual Internet Development Speech” followed by a dialogue between Avri Doria and Vernita Harris from the NTIA of the US Department of Commerce about the IANA function, the ATRT2 review and other issues related to ICANNs future.

The final session - the look into the future- will be moderated by Peter Dengate Thrush , the former Chair of the ICANN Board based on a “food for thought” speech by Beth Beth Noveck from New York University, who chairs one of ICANNs  new Strategic Panels.
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